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Spain ruled the Philippine islands for nearly four centuries before the U.S. invaded the country in 1899, but Filipinos never fully accepted Spanish domination. Uprisings against the Spanish came from all parts of the Filipino society, including well-off Filipinos, calledillustrados. Emilio Aguinaldo, who led the war for independence from the…

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Item Type: Photograph
Date: Circa 1898

The Anti-Imperialist League was formed on June 15, 1898 to oppose U.S. annexation of the Philippines. Prominent members of the league included author Mark Twain, industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, and American Federation of Labor leader Samuel Gompers.

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Item Type: Pamphlet
Date: 1898

"The Black KPs" was written by Charles Hillman and Sidney L. Perrin in 1898 to bolster the domestic support for the war in the Philippines. While the sentiment behind the song was considered patriotic, the language in the lyrics are unmistakably racist.

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Item Type: Music/Song
Date: 1898

During the 1890s, popular songs and sensationalist news coverage played a large role in drumming up support for U.S. intervention and the Spanish-American War. "The Belle of Manila," written in 1898, was one of many pro-war songs that were played in the homes of middle and upper-class families to build Patriotism and romanticize U.S. involvement…

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Item Type: Music/Song
Date: 1898

The outcome of the Spanish-American War had far-reaching consequences for several of Spain's former colonies. The United States annexed Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam, while Cuba became independent but subject to American influence. This political cartoon from shortly before the conclusion of the war in 1898 reflects the pro-expansionist…

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Item Type: Cartoon
Date: 1898

In this political cartoon from shortly after the conclusion of the Spanish-American War in 1898, "Uncle Sam" disciplines a class of unruly "children," representing Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. The mustachioed figure reading the book at left is General Maximo Gomez, the military commander in Cuba's War of Independence, while the…

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Item Type: Cartoon
Date: 1898

Motion pictures were still a novelty at the outbreak of the Philippine War, but film’s ability to generate patriotism and public interest in the war encouraged early filmmakers to produce a number of war films. Several cameramen went to the Philippines to film the military efforts, but recreations of battles filmed in rural New York and New…

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Item Type: TV/Film
Date: 1899

In 1899, with a presidential election coming up, a group of black Bostonians gathered to express their opinions about the U.S. occupation of the Philippines. While whites led most anti-imperialist organizations, many farmers, labor unions, immigrants, and African Americans also opposed the expansion of U.S. military power overseas.

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Item Type: Newspaper/Magazine Article
Date: 1899

Galicano Apacible, a Filipino nationalist, wrote the following letter opposing U.S. annexation of the Philippines. Apacible represented the Filipino Central Committee, a revolutionary group that supported independence from Spanish colonial rule. In 1899, Apacible and another committee member travelled to the United States seeking American…

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Item Type: Newspaper/Magazine Article
Date: 1899

"Droch" was the pen name of Robert Bridges, a critic and editor at Scribner's and Life magazines and a friend to both Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt. In this response to Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden," he opens by sarcastically thanking Kipling for "showing us the way," and goes on to explain why some Americans may not be…

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Item Type: Fiction/Poetry
Date: 1899