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Social History for Every Classroom

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On November 20, 1969, eighty-nine Native Americans, led by activist Richard Oakes, seized control of Alcatraz. Originally occupied by Native Americans, from 1934 until 1963 this small island in San Francisco Bay had been home to the federal prison…

ConocoPhillips is the largest producer of oil in Alaska. In 2020, the federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) approved the company’s Willow project, allowing ConocoPhillips to drill on public land on the North Slope for three decades and to extract…

On July 7, 1898, the Hawaiian Islands were annexed by the United States after a long struggle between native Hawaiians and non-native American businessmen. Because of their location in the Pacific, the Hawaiian islands have provided a strategic…

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, numerous Indigenous children were taken from their tribes and adopted by settler families. In the 1960s, more than twenty-five percent of Indigenous children lived in non-Native institutions and homes. Many of…

Many Native Americans consider Thanksgiving a reminder of the genocide of millions of Native people, the theft of Native lands, and the relentless assault on Native culture. Starting in 1970, the United American Indians of New England began to…

An oil boom in Oklahoma in the early 20th century brought both prosperity and violence to the Osage people. Legally, the tribe owned oil and minerals found within the Osage Nation Reservation. Profits from mining were paid to the tribe, which then…

Shortly before the 1972 presidential elections, members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) took over the Washington, D.C. offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The occupation came at the end of the Trail of Broken Treaties, a months’ long…

In 1972, AIM (American Indian Movement) activists organized the Trail of Broken Treaties and Pan American Native Quest for Justice. In a symbolic reversal of the 19th century Trail of Tears, activists drove from California, Washington, and Oklahoma…

On November 20, 1969, eighty-nine Native Americans, led by activist Richard Oakes, seized control of Alcatraz. From 1934 until 1963 this small island in San Francisco Bay had been home to the federal prison Alcatraz. Nicknamed "The Rock," the maximum…

In 1887, Congress enacted the Dawes Act, referred to as the Dawes Severalty Act or General Allotment Act. It empowered the federal government to redistribute tribal lands: rather than being communally owned by tribes, land would be owned and farmed…
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