2
10
16
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https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/files/original/a-spanish-english-phrasebook-helps-braceros-communicate_285b6d9d37.pdf
9b816c89de0be35b25319b0d1fd2a2d9
Pamphlet/Petition
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Language
A language of the resource
English
Publisher
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American Social History Project / Center for Media and Learning
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Spanish for Farmers</em>
Description
An account of the resource
Braceros traveled to a country where they did not know the language or the customs. In order to help them understand their new surroundings, local committees prepared Spanish-English phrasebooks such as the one pictured below. This handbook instructs braceros to walk on the left side of the street, not to stand in the back of the trucks, and to be careful with cigarettes around gasoline. The words and phrases the authors found necessary to include are instructive of the kinds of dangers and work braceros encountered.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Samuel R. Skaggs and Amelia Montes Skaggs
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Samuel R. Skaggs and Amelia Montes Skaggs, <em>Manual práctico de Inglés para los braceros (Spanish for farmers)</em>, Las Cruces (New Mexico) <em>Citizen</em>, c. 1953, courtesy the Southwest Collection of the New Mexico State Library.
Primary
Is this Primary or Secondary? Enter 1 for Primary or 2 for Secondary.
1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1953 (Circa)
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Great Depression and World War II (1929-1945)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Immigration and Migration
Braceros
farmworkers
-
https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/files/original/themes-and-formulas-of-corridos_c1e23aeffa.pdf
da29723d8010b384eb81eb3089b2e8be
Article/Essay
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Themes and Formulas of Corridos
Language
A language of the resource
English
Publisher
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American Social History Project / Center for Media and Learning
Description
An account of the resource
This handout describes the themes and formulas of corridos, Mexican and Mexican-American folk songs.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning, 2010.
Rights
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Copyright American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning
<div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/"></a><br />This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License</a>.</div>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Great Depression and World War II (1929-1945)
Braceros
Mexican Immigration
-
https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/files/original/a-bracero-sings-columns-and-accents_b49f6855d8.pdf
28e9645944ec8e6b5f429aed97ba154f
Music/Song
Lyricist
Arnulfo Castillo
Composer
Arnulfo Castillo
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Language
A language of the resource
English
Publisher
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American Social History Project / Center for Media and Learning
Title
A name given to the resource
"Corrido of the Uprooted Ones"
Description
An account of the resource
Between 1942 and 1964, 4.6 million Mexicans came to the United States to perform the much needed but incredibly difficult "stoop work" of planting, tending, and harvesting crops. These men, called braceros, were initially invited by the United States government during World War II, when higher-paying industrial factory jobs lured away existing agricultural workers. Life for braceros was hard owing to the backbreaking labor they performed, the distance from loved ones, and the prejudices they encountered. Braceros often sang of their troubles in corridos, traditional Mexican folk songs.
Creator
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Arnulfo Castillo
Primary
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1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1942
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Great Depression and World War II (1929-1945)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Immigration and Migration
Work
Braceros
farmworkers
Mexican Immigration
-
https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/files/original/mexandnegrodfarmworkers_18b9e3b7b4.tif
78201ffd6ffb98bbdc7a7dc01dfe7639
Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Height
385
Width
527
Photograph
Dublin Core
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Language
A language of the resource
English
Publisher
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American Social History Project / Center for Media and Learning
Title
A name given to the resource
Young Mexican and African-American Men Answer the Call for Farm Workers
Description
An account of the resource
The scale of the United States' war production effort during World War II touched every corner of the nation and millions of people. When traditional farm workers left for military service or higher paying jobs in war industries, the U.S. government looked south to Mexico. Several thousands braceros were invited to work in the United States, primarily in agriculture. This photograph of braceros in Texas cotton country, though, shows that in some places African Americans (especially men who were too young to join the army) worked alongside Mexican laborers. A bracero later recalled that harvesting cotton was the hardest work of all; one bracero corridista sang, "But I too came to pick cotton / and they have to pay me / for each hundred pounds a dollar / You can see I am quite skinny / From lack of food to eat."
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
John Vachon
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
John Vachon, "Corpus Christi, Texas. Mexican and Negro farm labor," Farm Security Administration-Office of War Information (Library of Congress), May 1943.
Primary
Is this Primary or Secondary? Enter 1 for Primary or 2 for Secondary.
1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1943
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Great Depression and World War II (1929-1945)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Immigration and Migration
Work
Braceros
farmworkers
Mexican Immigration
-
https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/files/original/id-card_84f95aee65.png
47cbe14fc24d1a9b5ae8a15ed4cdcfa4
Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Height
362
Width
600
Artifact
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Type
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Artifact
Language
A language of the resource
English
Publisher
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American Social History Project / Center for Media and Learning
Title
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A Mexican Bracero's Identification Card
Description
An account of the resource
Between 1942 and 1964, millions of Mexican agricultural workers entered the U.S. to work as surplus farm laborers during the government-sponsored Bracero Program. Working for lower wages than domestic farm workers, the Braceros were often victims of discrimination. While most were repatriated, many stayed in the United States where they remain the often-overlooked forefathers of later waves of migratory workers.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Santos Nunez Sotelo
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Santos Nunez Sotelo, "Identification Card," in Bracero History Archive, Item #516, http://braceroarchive.org/items/show/516 (accessed 10 March 2010).
Primary
Is this Primary or Secondary? Enter 1 for Primary or 2 for Secondary.
1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1955
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Postwar America (1946-1975)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Work
Braceros
farmworkers
Mexican Immigration
-
Article/Essay
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p><strong>Years of Bracero program:</strong> 1942- 1964</p>
<p><strong>Numbers of workers involved in the Bracero program:</strong>between 4.5 and 5 million</p>
<p><strong>Number of workers during the peak year of the Bracero program (1956):Â </strong>445,197</p>
<p>The US government negotiated, initially through an exchange of notes at the American Embassy in Mexico, a provision allowing an unspecified number of Mexican agricultural workers who were guaranteed transportation, living expenses, lodging, medical care and repatriation as well as wages “the same as those paid for similar work to other agricultural laborers under the same conditions within the same area.†Contracts would be made between workers and employers under the supervision of the Mexican government. The workers were required to contribute 10% of their earnings to a “Rural Savings Fund,†which would be transferred to the Mexican Agricultural Credit Bank. </p>
<p>The program was spread over the U.S. but mainly took place in California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Oregon.</p>
<p>The Bracero program was a source of controversy throughout its existence. American agriculture employers welcomed the surplus of cheap labor, while domestic workers and anti-immigrant forces railed against the entry of foreign workers. Anti-immigrant groups in the U.S. sometimes point to the Bracero program as leading to a wave of mass undocumented immigration. The migrant labor movement, including Cesar Chavez of the United Farm Workers, opposed the program because of its exploitation of workers. Mexican agri-businesses and agricultural unions were also opposed the program, on the grounds that it not only drained the Mexican economy of agricultural workers but allowed the U.S. to develop a surplus of crops such as cotton, which then hurt the price of Mexican cotton on the market.</p>
Dublin Core
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Type
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Article/Essay
Language
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English
Publisher
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American Social History Project / Center for Media and Learning
Title
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Background Information about the Bracero Program
Description
An account of the resource
A brief overview of the Bracero program that allowed Mexican agricultural workers to enter the U.S. legally to work as farm laborers.
Creator
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American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning
Source
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Adapted from Richard B. Craig, <em>The Bracero Program</em>, (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1971; Marcelo M. Suarez-Orozco, ed., <em>Crossings: Mexican Immigration in Interdisciplinary Perspectives</em>, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998); and Carlos Martenes, "The Mexican Braceros," <em>The Farmworkers Website,</em>, http://www.farmworkers.org/benglish.html.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright American Social History Project/Center for Media and LearningÂ
<div><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/"></a><br />This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License</a>.</div>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2008
Braceros
farmworkers
Mexican Immigration