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Timeline of Selected Federal Immigration Laws in the U.S., 1790-1986
This timeline traces federal immigration laws from the first Naturalization Act in 1790 through the 1986 law that addressed undocumented workers.
Timeline for Up South: African-American Migration in the Era of the Great War
This timeline tracks significant events in African American history between 1863 and 1960.
Heaven Will Protect the Working Girl Viewer's Guide
This booklet, divided into nine sections, is curriculum support for the American Social History Project 30-minute documentary Heaven Will Protect the Working Girl. The viewer's guide contains background information on issues raised by the [...]
Young Mexican and African-American Men Answer the Call for Farm Workers
The scale of the United States' war production effort during World War II touched every corner of the nation and millions of people. When traditional farm workers left for military service or higher paying jobs in war industries, the U.S. government [...]
"Corrido of the Uprooted Ones"
Between 1942 and 1964, 4.6 million Mexicans came to the United States to perform the much needed but incredibly difficult "stoop work" of planting, tending, and harvesting crops. These men, called braceros, were initially invited by the United [...]
Spanish for Farmers
Braceros traveled to a country where they did not know the language or the customs. In order to help them understand their new surroundings, local committees prepared Spanish-English phrasebooks such as the one pictured below. This handbook [...]
A Bracero's Identification Card Certifies He Is Ready to Work
Aaron Castañeda Gamez and thousands of other Mexican workers had to pass a series of examinations to enter the bracero program. Recruits reported to centers in Mexico where they were inspected for lice and disease. Braceros' hands were inspected to [...]
A Bracero Compares Expectations versus Reality of Life in the United States
José Francisco Delgado Soto traveled extensively around the United States as a bracero. He worked in Michigan, California, Washington, and Texas picking apples, cherries, corn, eggplants, lettuce, pears, pumpkins, and sugar beets. He describes what [...]
A Bracero Enters the United States (with text supports)
In this oral history Alvaro Hernandez describes how he entered the United States, first as an illegal worker and then as a bracero. Mr. Hernandez was born in Jilemes, Chihuahua, Mexico. His father was an agricultural worker and his mother was a [...]
A Chinese Immigrant Reacts to the Statue of Liberty
This letter, originally published in the New York Sun in 1885, was written by Saum Song Bo in response to a fund-raising campaign for the building of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty. Three years earlier, Congress had passed the Chinese [...]