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Mass Extermination of Buffalo (1892)
This image, taken in Rougeville, Michigan, depicts one man standing on top of thousands of buffalo skills, with another standing in front of the pile with his foot on one skull. White settlers exterminated buffalo near the end of the 19th century [...]
Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Resistance Bibliography
Please use the following bibliography for additional information on these topics.
Indigenous Activists During the Occupation of Alcatraz (1969)
On November 20, 1969, eighty-nine Native Americans, led by activist Richard Oakes, seized control of Alcatraz. Originally occupied by Native Americans, from 1934 until 1963 this small island in San Francisco Bay had been home to the federal prison [...]
An Alaskan Community Opposes Expanded Oil Drilling (2023)
ConocoPhillips is the largest producer of oil in Alaska. In 2020, the federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) approved the company’s Willow project, allowing ConocoPhillips to drill on public land on the North Slope for three decades and to [...]
A Tribal Chief Testifies in Favor of the Indian Child Welfare Act (1977)
Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, numerous Indigenous children were taken from their tribes and adopted by settler families. In the 1960s, more than twenty-five percent of Indigenous children lived in non-Native institutions and homes. Many of [...]
A Native Hawaiian Expresses Love for Her Island Home (2020)
On July 7, 1898, the Hawaiian Islands were annexed by the United States after a long struggle between native Hawaiians and non-native American businessmen. Because of their location in the Pacific, the Hawaiian islands have provided a strategic [...]
Indigenous Activists Designate "A Day of Mourning" (1973)
Many Native Americans consider Thanksgiving a reminder of the genocide of millions of Native people, the theft of Native lands, and the relentless assault on Native culture. Starting in 1970, the United American Indians of New England began to [...]
A Reign of Terror Against the Osage Nation (1926)
An oil boom in Oklahoma in the early 20th century brought both prosperity and violence to the Osage people. Legally, the tribe owned oil and minerals found within the Osage Nation Reservation. Profits from mining were paid to the tribe, which then [...]
The FBI Targets the American Indian Movement (1972)
Shortly before the 1972 presidential elections, members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) took over the Washington, D.C. offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The occupation came at the end of the Trail of Broken Treaties, a months’ long [...]
The American Indian Movement Organizes the Trail of Broken Treaties (1972)
In 1972, AIM (American Indian Movement) activists organized the Trail of Broken Treaties and Pan American Native Quest for Justice. In a symbolic reversal of the 19th century Trail of Tears, activists drove from California, Washington, and Oklahoma [...]